Many people know Nadezhda Krupskaya simply as Vladimir Lenin’s wife, but Nadezhda was a Bolshevik revolutionary and politician in her own right. The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966. Ideological Interference in Translation: Strategies of Translating Cultural References by Shih Chung-ling Dept. Images and descriptions of Chinese calligraphy, paintings, sculptures, architecture, and opera. Mao Zedong - Wikipedia. Chairman. Mao Zedong. During the Chinese Civil War between the Guomindang (GMD) and the CPC, Mao helped to found the Red Army, led the Jiangxi Soviet's radical land policies and ultimately became head of the CPC during the Long March. Although the CPC temporarily allied with the GMD under the United Front during the Second Sino- Japanese War (1. In the following years Mao solidified his control through land reform campaigns against landlords, and perceived enemies of the state he termed as . In 1. 95. 7, he launched the Great Leap Forward campaign that aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from an agrarian economy to an industrial one. Corazon Aquino (1933-2009) was the first female president of the Phillipines, and is known for leading the People Power Revolution in 1986 which restored. Official portrait of Mao Zedong which hangs at Tiananmen. 1st Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China; In office. Vol.7, No.3, May, 2004. Mathematical and Natural Sciences. Study on Bilinear Scheme and Application to Three-dimensional Convective Equation (Itaru Hataue and Yosuke. 3: Christine de Pizan; 2: On the Equality of the Two Sexes(France, 1673) p. CHINA: MODERN & BANKNOTES This is perhaps the largest for-sale offering of titles for modern (machine-struck) China & banknotes. Listings are bibliographic by. Review of Evidence Suggesting That the Fascia Network Could Be the Anatomical Basis for Acupoints and Meridians in the Human Body.The campaign contributed to a widespread famine, whose death toll is estimated at between 1. In 1. 96. 6, he initiated the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a program to remove . Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1. September, aged 8. He was succeeded as Paramount leader by Hua Guofeng (1. His father, Mao Yichang, was a formerly impoverished peasant who had become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan. Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao Zedong described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys Zemin and Zetan, and an adopted girl, Zejian. Learning the value systems of Confucianism, he later admitted that he didn't enjoy the classical Chinese texts preaching Confucian morals, instead favouring popular novels like Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin. Mao refused to recognise her as his wife, becoming a fierce critic of arranged marriage and temporarily moving away. Luo was locally disgraced and died in 1. He disapproved of their actions as morally wrong, but claimed sympathy for their situation. The republicans' figurehead was Sun Yat- sen, an American- educated Christian who led the Tongmenghui society. Changsha's governor fled, leaving the city in republican control. The northern provinces remained loyal to the emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun. The monarchy would be abolished, creating the Republic of China, but the monarchist Yuan would become president. The revolution over, Mao resigned from the army in 1. Although a Chinese nationalist, Chen argued that China must look to the west to cleanse itself of superstition and autocracy. He organized the Association for Student Self- Government and led protests against school rules. Desiring personal and societal transformation, the Society gained 7. Lenin was an advocate of the socio- political theory of Marxism, first developed by the German sociologists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and Li's articles brought an understanding of Marxism to the Chinese revolutionary movement. He joined the university's Philosophy and Journalism Societies and attended lectures and seminars by the likes of Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, and Qian Xuantong. She died in October 1. January 1. 92. 0. Patriots were outraged at the influence given to Japan in the Twenty- One Demands in 1. Duan Qirui. These demonstrations ignited the nation- wide May Fourth Movement and fueled the New Culture Movement which blamed China. Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he advocated the need for a . Several of these advocated feminist views, calling for the liberation of women in Chinese society; Mao was influenced by his forced arranged- marriage. In Shanghai, Mao met an old teacher of his, Yi Peiji, a revolutionary and member of the Kuomintang (KMT), or Chinese Nationalist Party, which was gaining increasing support and influence. Yi introduced Mao to General Tan Yankai, a senior KMT member who held the loyalty of troops stationed along the Hunanese border with Guangdong. Tan was plotting to overthrow Zhang, and Mao aided him by organizing the Changsha students. In June 1. 92. 0, Tan led his troops into Changsha, and Zhang fled. In the subsequent reorganization of the provincial administration, Mao was appointed headmaster of the junior section of the First Normal School. Now receiving a large income, he married Yang Kaihui in the winter of 1. Mao set up a Changsha branch, also establishing a branch of the Socialist Youth Corps. Opening a bookstore under the control of his new Cultural Book Society, its purpose was to propagate revolutionary literature throughout Hunan. When the movement was successful in establishing provincial autonomy under a new warlord, Mao forgot his involvement. The first session of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China was attended by 1. Mao included. After the authorities sent a police spy to the congress, the delegates moved to a boat on South Lake near Jiaxing, in Zhejiang,to escape detection. Although Soviet and Comintern delegates attended, the first congress ignored Lenin's advice to accept a temporary alliance between the Communists and the . The successful and famous Anyuan coal mines strikes (contrary to later Party historians) depended on both . Liu Shaoqi and Li Lisan and Mao not only mobilised the miners, but formed schools and cooperatives and engaged local intellectuals, gentry, military officers, merchants, Red Gang dragon heads and even church clergy. Adopting Lenin's advice, the delegates agreed to an alliance with the . Communist Party members joined the KMT, hoping to push its politics leftward. Mao was a vocal anti- imperialist and in his writings he lambasted the governments of Japan, UK and US, describing the latter as . Supporting this position, Mao was elected to the Party Committee, taking up residence in Shanghai. His enthusiastic support for the KMT earned him the suspicion of Li Li- san, his Hunan comrade. He found that the peasantry were increasingly restless and some had seized land from wealthy landowners to found communes. This convinced him of the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, an idea advocated by the left KMT but not the Communists. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasizing the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another. There, Mao played an active role in the discussions regarding the peasant issue, defending a set of . Mao led another group to put together a . Proceeding to carry out a . He accepted that there was great variation in revolutionary enthusiasm across the country, and that a flexible policy of land redistribution was necessary. Ultimately, his suggestions were only partially implemented. Chiang ignored the orders of the Wuhan- based left KMT government and marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by Communist militias. As the Communists awaited Chiang's arrival, he loosed the White Terror, massacring 5. Green Gang. A battalion led by General Zhu De was ordered to take the city of Nanchang on August 1, 1. Nanchang Uprising. They were initially successful, but were forced into retreat after five days, marching south to Shantou, and from there they were driven into the wilderness of Fujian. On the eve of the attack, Mao composed a poem. His plan was to attack the KMT- held city from three directions on September 9, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha, but could not take it; by September 1. Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi. Chang and Halliday report a view sent to Moscow by the secretary of the Soviet Consulate in Changsha that the retreat was . They nevertheless adopted three policies he had long championed: the immediate formation of Workers' councils, the confiscation of all land without exemption, and the rejection of the KMT. Mao's response was to ignore them. He ensured that no massacres took place in the region, and pursued a more lenient approach than that advocated by the Central Committee. In doing so, he molded his men into a disciplined, efficient fighting force. Mao was skeptical, but complied. They reached Hunan, where they were attacked by the KMT and fled after heavy losses. Meanwhile, KMT troops had invaded Jinggangshan, leaving them without a base. They were initially successful, but the KMT counter- attacked, and pushed the CPC back; over the next few weeks, they fought an entrenched guerrilla war in the mountains. Contrastingly, Zhu complied, and led his armies away. Mao's troops fended the KMT off for 2. He reunited with the decimated Zhu's army, and together they returned to Jinggangshan and retook the base. There they were joined by a defecting KMT regiment and Peng Dehuai's Fifth Red Army. In the mountainous area they were unable to grow enough crops to feed everyone, leading to food shortages throughout the winter. Mao replied that while he concurred with Li's theoretical position, he would not disband his army nor abandon his base. In this, they disagreed with the official line of the Soviet government and Comintern. Officials in Moscow desired greater control over the CPC and removed Li from power by calling him to Russia for an inquest into his errors. Mao disagreed with the new leadership, believing they grasped little of the Chinese situation, and he soon emerged as their key rival. In December, they tried to overthrow Mao, resulting in the Futian incident, during which Mao's loyalists tortured many and executed between 2. In November it proclaimed Jiangxi to be the Soviet Republic of China, an independent Communist- governed state. Although he was proclaimed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Mao's power was diminished, as his control of the Red Army was allocated to Zhou Enlai. Meanwhile, Mao recovered from tuberculosis. Outnumbered, Mao responded with guerrilla tactics influenced by the works of ancient military strategists like Sun Tzu, but Zhou and the new leadership followed a policy of open confrontation and conventional warfare. In doing so, the Red Army successfully defeated the first and second encirclements. He too faced setbacks and retreated to deal with the further Japanese incursions into China. In November 1. 93.
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